Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, calcinated eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, calcinated eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

waste oil is an inexpensive source for biodiesel production, but the high amount of impurities present (free fatty acids, oxidation products) impedes its practical application. The aim of this work is to assess the purification efficiency of the adsorption process with eggshell and its active carbon. Carbonization of eggshell was done at 200 ºC for 4 hours. For activation of the resultant carbon, sulfuric acid was used, and finally, thermal activation (600 ºC, 1 hour) was performed. The quality parameters of waste oil (free fatty acid, peroxide value, color indices, viscosity, and density) were determined before and after the adsorption process. The results showed an improvement pattern in the measured parameters after the adsorption. Reduction in peroxide and acid value were 71.7% and 51.72%, respectively. Also, produced biodiesel from treated waste oil has better quality indices including acidity, viscosity and specific gravity. Biodiesel yield also increased up to 40 percent.

Discarded as waste with the production of several tonnes per day, eggshell is a solid waste from poultry industry. eggshell waste disposal pollutes the ecosystem by being accumulated in landfills, invites insects,   which involves high management cost. Given its beneficial effects, eggshells are valuable when transformed to new values. In other words, eggshell contains a high amount of calcium component, which contributes several benefits to human beings as well as the ecosystem. In tablet form, for instance, it supplements human health by strengthening bones to treat osteoporosis and protect teeth  stabilization. As a food additive, eggshell powder finds its place in cuisines and confectionaries. it also acts a catalyst in biodiesel production, acts as an absorbent in heavy metal removal in soil and water and is a stabilizer in civil industry. eggshells are potentially utilized as a UV protectant in nylon and polystyrenes and are potentially used in cosmetic industry for several anti-aging skin care formulations. For sustainable agriculture, eggshells act as manure or soil stabilizer to enhance plant health.  The current review details the utilization methods of eggshell by transforming it into new forms.

Magnetic nanocomposite, ESW-Fe3O4-Cit, was synthesized via a novel, low cost and green co-precipitation method using eggshell waste nanopowder and FeSO4. In the present procedure, eggshell (ES) nanopowder was prepared from food waste by collecting, washing, and ball milling. Nano eggshell waste (ESW) was modified by FeSO4 and trisodium citrate under natural conditions without additional alkali and a protective atmosphere. Trisodium citrate was used as a modifier and stabilizing reagent to form well dispersed small size and coated magnetic nanoparticles which should be ascribed to a large reduction of the surface electrostatic charge of the nanoparticles. The ESW-Fe3O4-Cit nanocomposite exhibits larger magnetization (14.6 emu/g) as compared to the uncoated composite (7.68 emu/g). Trisodium citrate causes an interesting increase in magnetic properties after coating on the magnetic eggshell waste nanopowder, due to the prevention of agglomeration causing self-Neel and Brownian Relaxation. The magnetic nanocomposite was fully characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, TEM and FESEM images, XRD, Zeta potential, DLS, and VSM analysis.

ESW as a natural byproduct, although non-hazardous and contains calcium, magnesium carbonate and protein, is commonly disposed in landfills without any pretreatment because it was traditionally useless. In this regards, we wish to report the synthesis of a novel CaO/Ca2Fe2O5 nanocomposite based on ESW. At the first, eggshell (ES) nanopowder was prepared by ball-milling. Then, the CaO/Ca2Fe2O5 nanocomposite as a novel and heterogeneous nanomaterial was synthesized by simply adding an aqueous solution of FeSO4 on the ES nanopowder. After coating the FeSO4 on the surface of the ES powder, the precipitate was collected and calcinated. The synthesized nanocomposite was fully characterized by FTIR, FESEM, TEM, TGA, EDX and XRD analysis. The result was shown that the porous structure of the ESW as a cheap and biomaterial source of Ca was provided good contact area for growing the Fe nanoparticles. The suggested strategy for the synthesis of CaO/Ca2Fe2O5 nanocomposite is very interesting due to use of green and low cost starting materials and its simple and clean preparation procedure. The present procedure was successfully provided a useful application of ESW from the environment to synthesis the novel nanomaterials.

In the past, the inspection of cracks on eggshell was typically conducted in the industry by floodlighting, however, it gives eye fatigue, makes misjudgment and is not easy to detect hairline crack. Recent research into the automation of the detection of eggshell cracks is focused both on optical and mechanical detection principles. In this study eggs were excited by a light mechanical impact on different locations of the eggshell and vibrational frequency response of the eggshell combined with pattern recognition was attempted to differentiate intact egg and cracked egg. The pattern recognition was conducted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The optimal number of principal components was obtained 7 according to maximum error for predictive model and high discrimination between intact and cracked eggs. The result was found that the vibrational impulse response method distinguish intact egg and cracked egg with the level of 100% and 87.5% accuracy, respectively.